1. Material factors

材料是指用于制造结构的金属材料及焊接所消耗的材料。前者称为母材或基本金属，即被焊金属；后者称为焊接材料，包括焊丝、焊剂、保护气体等。其中化学成分（包括杂质的分布与含量）是主要的影响因素。在焊接结构中，绝大多数常用的金属材料是钢材。碳对钢的焊接性影响。含碳量越高焊接性越差。

Materials refer to metal materials used for manufacturing structures and materials consumed by welding. The former is called base metal or base metal, that is, the metal to be welded; The latter is called welding material, including welding wire, flux, shielding gas, etc. The chemical composition (including the distribution and content of impurities) is the main influencing factor. In welded structures, the vast majority of commonly used metal materials are steel. Carbon has the greatest influence on the weldability of steel. The higher the carbon content, the worse the weldability.

2. 设计因素

2. Design factors

设计因素是指焊接结构在使用中的性。不但受到材料的影响，而且在很大程度上还受到结构形式的影响。

Design factors refer to the safety of welded structures in use. It is not only affected by the material, but also by the structural form to a great extent.

3. 工艺因素

3. Process factors

工艺因素包括焊接方法（如电弧焊、埋弧焊、气体保护焊等）、焊接工艺（包括焊接规范参数、焊接材料、预热、装配焊接顺序）和焊后热处理等。

Process factors include welding methods (such as arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas shielded welding, etc.), welding process (including welding specification parameters, welding materials, preheating, assembly and welding sequence), post weld heat treatment, etc.

4. 使用因素

4. Use factors

使用因素指焊接结构的工作温度、负荷条件和工作环境（化工区、沿海及腐蚀介质等）。一般来讲，环境温度越低，钢结构越易发生脆性破坏。

The use factors refer to the working temperature, load conditions and working environment of the welded structure (chemical area, coastal and corrosive medium, etc.). Generally speaking, the lower the ambient temperature is, the more vulnerable the steel structure is to brittle failure.

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